贴一下n久以前和尚贴的东西，芬兰语十五个格以及其中九个位置格图解

[說明]
芬蘭語的15格中有9个位置格：內、外、齣、入、來、去、似、部分、轉
主、屬、與、受四格應該與德語一緻
工具格在拉丁語中也應該由Ablative替代

主格nominatiivi (nominative) is the case of a subject and has no ending in the singular; in plural it has the ending -t whereas in most other cases the plural suffix is -i- which appears before the case suffix (eg: taloissa)

屬格genetiivi (genitive) indicates mainly relations similar to those expressed using the genitive or the "of" preposition in English

似格essiivi usually indicates some sort of role

部分格partitiivi indicates, among other things, the partiality of an object (eg "soin omenaa" means 'I ate an apple' without implying that I ate the whole of the apple, so it would normally be translated as 'I was eating an apple' whereas "soin omenan" contains a so-called total object, meaning that the entire apple was eaten) and is also used with numerals, eg "kolme taloa" means "three houses"

轉格translatiivi may indicate the result of a state or role transition, eg "tulla opettajaksi" means "become a teacher"

內格inessiivi refers to being within or in close contact with something

齣格elatiivi indicates movement from within (or from close contact with) something

入格illatiivi indicates movement into (or to close contact with) something

外格adessiivi can refer to being near or on the surface of something but has several other uses as well, including the indication of instrument or method or manner as well as idiomatic expression like "minulla on" 'I have' (literally, 'at me there is')

來格ablatiivi indicates movement from the neighborhood (or from the surface of something

去格allatiivi indicates movement to the neighborhood (or to the surface of something, or indicates the recipient (of giving something, for example)

離格abessiivi corresponds to English preposition "without"; rarely used, except in sayings

與格komitatiivi indicates company; the ending is followed by a possessive method or manner as well as idiomatic expression like "minulla on" 'I have' (literally, 'at me there is')

工具格instruktiivi indicates instrument; probably the rarest of cases; instrument is usually expressed using adessiivi or other cases

受格akkusatiivi (accusative, the case of an object) is often listed as a case, too, although its form coincides with the form of the nominative or the form of the genetive, except for the personal pronouns which have specific accusative forms (minut, sinut, etc)

Location                   Source                   Destination

Φ          -na                        -tta                     -ksi
essive                     partitive                translative

Interior    -ssa                       -sta                     -(h)Vn, -sVVn
inessive                   elative                  illative

Exterior    -lla                       -lta                     -lle
adessive                   ablative                 allative